The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Treatment

Introduction Daily, several individuals are found to be afflicted by some form of psychiatric disorder, for example, schizophrenia and anxiety disorder (Pakhare, 2007). Furthermore, in relation to the nature-nurture issue, the psychiatric disorders are passed on from parents, developed due to environmental factors, or are a blend of both factors. Lastly, every psychiatric disorder category has dissimilar management methods, which assist in establishing suitable means of treatment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schizophrenia Schizophrenia, an ailment of the brain, is one of the severe and chronic disorders that have affected humankind for a long time. Nevertheless, since it has been poorly understood throughout history, its victims have been undeservingly put to shame. The condition is not a split personality, but it is an infrequent and unusual brain disorder. Similar to cancer or diabetes, the disease has a biological basis. Schizophrenia is a common ailment, with about 2.5 million patients in the United Sates alone. Whereas there is no known cure for the disorder, it is possible to treat the condition. A number of its victims act in response to drug therapy and most of them are capable of leading satisfying lives. A number of factors are attributed to cause Schizophrenia. The first factor is genes and the environment. Experts have long known that this medical condition runs in most families. The disease is present in an estimated one percent of the whole population. It has been found in about ten percent of individuals who have first-degree relative (a parent, brother, or sister) with the illness. Individuals who have second-degree relatives such as aunts, uncles or grandparents diagnosed with the illness are also more susceptible to get the disease. The chance is highest for an identical twin of an individua l with the disorder. The identical twin has up to forty to sixty-five percent chance of developing the illness in the course of his or life (Tsuang, Faraone, and Johnson, 1997). Medical experts think that a number of genes are related with an increased chance of developing the disorder, but that no single gene is able to cause it entirely by its own. In fact, latest scientific investigation has discovered that victims are likely to develop increased rates of unusual genetic mutations. These genetic variations entail several different genes, which perhaps interrupts normal brain development. Other recent research propose that the disease may develop in part when a particular gene that is crucial in formulating essential brain chemicals fails to function. This malfunctioning may impinge on the part of the brain that is engaged in developing higher functioning skills.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies into this gene have not been completed yet; therefore, it is still difficult to use the genetic information to foretell persons who are likely to develop schizophrenia. Nevertheless, researchers have not understood fully the genetic differences that contribute to this disorder. Those that are understood increase the risk only by a small level. Moreover, it possibly involves more than genes to cause the disease. Medical experts believe that interactions between genes and the environment are factors that can lead to the disorder. The condition causes the lateral ventricles of the brain to be enlarged, impairs the performance of the frontal regions of the brain, and reduces the volume of the temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, components of the limbic system, and regions of the Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) parts of the brain. The prefrontal cortex, area of the brain associated with memory, is also severely affected by the disease. Secondly, scientists thi nk that abnormalities in brain chemistry and structure play a role in schizophrenia development. The disparity in the complex, interrelated chemical reactions of the brain that involves a number of neurotransmitters (substances that let brain cells to communicate with one another) has been attributed to this condition. Experts are carrying more research on the relation of brain chemistry to schizophrenia. There is a distinct difference between brains of victims afflicted by schizophrenia and those of healthy individuals, for instance, fluid-filled cavities at the center of the brain, referred to as ventricles, are bigger in some individuals with the disorder. The brains of individuals afflicted with schizophrenia are also likely to have limited amount of grey matter and various parts of their brain may have limited or increased biological activity. In addition, investigations of brain tissue after death have discovered marked variations in the brains of victims of the disorder. Stud ies have revealed a number of changes in the distribution or features of the brain cells that may have taken place before birth. Some studies have concluded that problems during the period of brain development before birth may result in faulty connections, which may fail to show up until one has reached adolescence stage. During adolescence, significant transformations take place in the brain, which can activate psychotic symptoms. Studies have revealed so much about schizophrenia, although more investigations are needed to better understand how it develops.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schizophrenia is characterized by a variety of distinct and expected associated symptoms, which are mainly categorized into positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms denote the presence of grossly abnormal behavi or not present in healthy people. They include hallucinations where victims see, hear, smell, or feel things that no one else detects, delusions where the victim has false beliefs that are not component of his or her culture, thought disorders, and movement disorders that appear as agitated body movements (Hirsch and Weinberger, 2003, p.5). Negative symptoms are related to interruption of normal emotions and behaviors and can be difficult to detect since they are similar to depression or other conditions. They include lack of pleasure in life and abnormal speech problems. Cognitive symptoms are delicate and may be difficult to detect. They include poor executive functioning, difficulty in paying attention and difficulties with working memory. Cognitive symptoms may further complicate a victim’s daily life. Schizophrenia is a complicated condition that impairs the normal functioning of the brain, life experience and behavior of its victims. The brain functions to respond to st imuli and modulates them. People afflicted with this disorder are unable to modulate the various mechanisms of the brain. Processes in this disease lacks a single basis, the condition is multi factorial. Studies have indicated that the brains of victims lack adequate myelin around the nerves. Other regions of the brain also exhibit impaired functioning in affected persons as discussed in the earlier sections of this paper. Recent research has discovered that several neurotransmitters are involved in the disorder. Dopamine and Dopamine receptors have been recognized for some time now and the common medication for managing this condition interacts with dopamine receptors. NMDA, GABA and the cholinergic system have recently been discovered to also influence schizophrenia. The appropriate drug therapy for schizophrenia usually needs a blend of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety drug treatment. The treatments focus on reducing the symptoms of the disorder. It has been observ ed that many individuals quit taking the drugs prescribed for the disease, particularly when they do not get well soon and when the side effects are more severe. One is advised to start medication with a drug such as clozapine, which is cheaper and more efficient. Antipsychotic treatment assists patients to regain the normal biochemical balance and reduce the likelihood of a relapse.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drug Abuse case Ron long time abuse of alcohol has probably been caused by attempts to deny, cope with, or hide an underlying psychological problem, which has ultimately made him to be addicted to drinking alcohol. He has probably been fighting against loneliness, guilt, or self–reproach in his life. The addiction has come because the alcohol has been stimulating Ron’s brain pleasure reward pathway (PRP). Dopamine neurotransmitter is significant in PRP. Alcohol stimulates PRP, which then spontaneously increases the level of dopamine. This produces euphoric effect to the victim. The brain is then wired in such a way that it wants to achieve the dopamine highness repeatedly, hence the addiction (Clinic, 2008, para.1). The cause of alcohol abuse has not been left out of the nature-nurture debate. Some people attribute it to be due to nature (hereditary factors) while others nurture (environmental factors). Studies have shown that there is a possibility of people inheritin g genes from their parents that can lead to alcoholism. The type of lifestyle a person lives is also a factor. The kind of friends a person has, the level of stress in a person’s life, and availability of alcohol are all risk factors. The problem of alcoholism that Ron has is currently incurable, but it can be treated. In this case, a combination of counseling and medications programs can be administered to Ron to assist him stop taking alcohol. This can help me bring to a close his drinking habit and rebuild his work and family life. Oral medications, for example, disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamparosate have been successfully employed to reduce alcoholism. Although alcoholism treatment is beneficial for good number individuals, there are different levels of success in treating it. A number of former addicts stop taking alcohol and remain sober, while others have durations when they experience sobriety with bouts of relapse. Some people also suffer from withdrawal symptoms, for example, shakiness, nausea, and sweating upon abandoning taking alcohol. Nevertheless, the longer an individual stays away from alcohol, the more effective the treatment process becomes. Anxiety case Tom is suffering from Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) a condition in which he gets too much anxious and worried about daily life happenings without any clear grounds for getting worried. Research has indicated that there is a relation between anxiety disorder and specific parts of the brain. In a normal person, the thought process allows him or her to observe a situation and process the information. This then establishes if anxiety is required to â€Å"kick in† to arouse responsive action. In those affected by anxiety disorder, for example Tom, this process is triggered due to circumstances that really do not need a â€Å"flight or fight† responsive action (Hauser, 2005). The exact cause of this tendency has not been understood fully. However, a number of factors, i ncluding genetics (nature), and environmental factors (nurture), appear to add to its development. Some studies have suggested that family history is a risk factor to the development of anxiety disorder. This implies that the propensity to develop this condition may be inherited between the members of the family. Trauma and stressful factors, for example, abuse, loss of a close relative or friend, divorce, loss of employment, dropping out of school, may trigger development of anxiety disorder. The abuse and stopping the taking of addictive drugs may also worsen the condition. Tom can appropriately use medication to treat his condition. This will assist him since the disorder interferes with his daily activities. He may consider using benzodiazepines for short-term treatment. This leaves him feeling calm and relaxed by reducing the physical symptoms of the disorder. For long-term treatment, he may consider using antidepressants to alleviate his condition. Tom may also use cognitive-b ehavioral therapy. This therapy can assist him get rid of distorted thinking by having a more realistic look at agonizing situations. The use of anti-anxiety drugs may bring a number of complications. Side effects of the medications, for example, sleepiness, weight gain, and sexual problems, depend on the specific drug and the individual using them. Conclusion The indispensable aspect in understanding psychiatric disorders is to realize that those who are afflicted with the condition are normal human beings. The only difference is that the victims are suffering from a medical condition that weakens normal thinking and behavior. Treatment and prevention of this medical condition is best achieved by seeking for knowledge that can alleviate the suffering of the afflicted. Reference List Clinic, M. (2008, May 8). Alcoholism causes. MayoClinic.com. Web. Hauser, J. (2005, February 2). Anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder. Psych Central. Web. Hirsch, S., Weinberger, D. (2003). Schizophre nia (2nd ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Company. Pakhare, J. (2007, December 5). Types of Mental Illness: List of Mental Disorders.  Buzzle.com. Web. Tsuang, M.T., Faraone, S. V., Johnson, P.D. (1997). Schizophrenia: the facts. New York: Oxford University Press. This essay on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Treatment was written and submitted by user Joy Hansen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece

One of the most famous and most widely studied of Netherland paintings is Robert Campin, the Master Flemalles, Merode Altarpiece completed in 1426. This three piece panel triptych stirred fifteenth century Flemings with its exquisiteness and mystifying symbolism. The subject of the altarpiece is the Annunciation. The Annunciation is imagined as taking place not in the traditional church but in a modern Nether land house. The proportions of the â€Å"room† which occupies the large central panel are drastically foreshortened, but the painter’s choice of lines of sight demonstrates development in unified perspective that is so different from the illuminated French manuscripts done by the Limburg Brothers. 1 Campin uses individual panels to shape the visual field of the altarpiece. The small size of the altarpiece a little over two feet square reminds us of its function in a individual observance. 2 Flemish painting has undergone a transition and objects of daily life and sacred rituals are rendered with symbolic content of the painting, as objects that serve other then allegorical purposes.1 The Virgin Mary is shown in the central panel reading and not acknowledging the presence of the angel Gabriel watching over her. George Ferguson author of Signs and Symbolism in Christian Art interprets Mary’s reading as taking place in the context of a sanctuary.3 Reading in the Flemish culture is an act of private devotion rather then public empowerment. Lilies on the table and a towel in its niche represent the piscine that the priest use for hand washing and symbolic purification.3 The left panel shows the donors looking through a door, open-eyed, and observing, a key theme of Netherlanders paintings, Mary and the Angel Gabriel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art suggest the donors in the painting is that of Jan Englebrecht a merchant and his wife that lived in Cologne. A guarded wall separates the donors firmly from the town behind ... Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece One of the most famous and most widely studied of Netherland paintings is Robert Campin, the Master Flemalles, Merode Altarpiece completed in 1426. This three piece panel triptych stirred fifteenth century Flemings with its exquisiteness and mystifying symbolism. The subject of the altarpiece is the Annunciation. The Annunciation is imagined as taking place not in the traditional church but in a modern Nether land house. The proportions of the â€Å"room† which occupies the large central panel are drastically foreshortened, but the painter’s choice of lines of sight demonstrates development in unified perspective that is so different from the illuminated French manuscripts done by the Limburg Brothers. 1 Campin uses individual panels to shape the visual field of the altarpiece. The small size of the altarpiece a little over two feet square reminds us of its function in a individual observance. 2 Flemish painting has undergone a transition and objects of daily life and sacred rituals are rendered with symbolic content of the painting, as objects that serve other then allegorical purposes.1 The Virgin Mary is shown in the central panel reading and not acknowledging the presence of the angel Gabriel watching over her. George Ferguson author of Signs and Symbolism in Christian Art interprets Mary’s reading as taking place in the context of a sanctuary.3 Reading in the Flemish culture is an act of private devotion rather then public empowerment. Lilies on the table and a towel in its niche represent the piscine that the priest use for hand washing and symbolic purification.3 The left panel shows the donors looking through a door, open-eyed, and observing, a key theme of Netherlanders paintings, Mary and the Angel Gabriel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art suggest the donors in the painting is that of Jan Englebrecht a merchant and his wife that lived in Cologne. A guarded wall separates the donors firmly from the town behind ...

Human Resource Management Discussions #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Project Management - Essay Example Eurotunnel could not afford to delay the work as it had to incur huge loses of it. But the work got delayed due to the design problems of the Shuttle Wagons. The safety norms were very important as the channel tunnel was a 20 Km long enclosed tunnel under the sea. Fire accidents were very common in such situations. The IGC was responsible to evaluate the safety, security and environmental standards of the project. They found flaws in the design of the Shuttle wagon. Due to this fact, the project was getting delayed. The company had to again redesign its Shuttle by installing fire doors to secure the shuttle in times of fire accidents. The other changes in design led to modifications in other parts of the shuttle wagon. Eurotunnel, the owner of the channel tunnel had to incur extra cost and pay high interest due to such delays (Kirkland, n. d.). Project Background The Channel Tunnel was prepared keeping in mind the fire and the life safety issues. The designs of the channel tunnel and the shuttle wagon travelling through it were approved by the IGC. The channel tunnel comprised of two tunnels for shuttle wagons and in between these two tunnels there is a path or road mainly used for surveillance. These tunnels and the path are interconnected at three intervals and proper ventilation system was also there within the channel tunnel (Whitaker, n. d.).The shuttle wagon is the largest vehicle in the railway systems of the world. These shuttle wagons cover almost half of the tunnel space. The shuttle trains were about 776 m long and had 28 wagons and 2 locomotives. The shuttle wagons were manufactured by the Euroshuttle Wagons Consortium. These shuttle

Use of Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC)

Use of Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Introduction Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) is one of the commonly used techniques in separation of a wide ranging of analyte based on differences in their structures. In RP-HPLC, the polar mobile phase and nonpolar stationary phase was practised. In this mode of HPLC, the analyte retains into stationary phase by hydrophobic interaction (Hanai, 1999; Swadesh, 2001). The surface area of nonpolar part of analyte molecules is more readily to bind to the RP-HPLC stationary phase. Thus, the less polar analyte will has longer retention time, whereas polar analyte elute more readily. Stationary phase and Column packing In RP-HPLC, the stationary phase is employing of alkylated silica gel column. In other words, the column is packing of nonpolar hydrophobic organic species (eg. octyl, octadecyl and phenyl groups). These hydrophobic organic species attached by siloxane bonds (-Si-O-Si-) to the silica surface (Corradini, Katz, Eksteen, Schoenmakers, Miller, 1998). C18 and C8 phase are most commonly used in the column of RP-HPLC. C18 phase is more hydrophobic as it has longer alkyl chain length which bonded to silica gel. C8 has shorter alkyl chain length compared to C18. It has less carbon attached on silica gel. Besides, phenyl group that bonded to silica surface develops the interaction of aromatic ring (Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma, 2011). Mobile Phase The organic solvent such as methanol and acetonitrile are most widely used as mobile phase in RP-HPLC. It is due to they have the characteristic of free of particles and UV transparency (Swadesh, 2001). In addition, acetonitrile, methanol and tetrahydrofuran also served as organic modifiers in RP-HPLC. According to Hanai(1999), the concentration of organic modifiers could alter the overall retention time of analytes. However, the relative changes in retention time are still depends on the properties of analytes (Hanai, 1999; Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma, 2011). Furthermore, isocratic and gradient elution also applied in RP-HPLC. In isocratic elution, mobile phase composition is remained constant throughout the elution. For gradient elution, the mobile phase composition is changed continuously throughout the elution. Gradient elution gives a better separation peaks for early eluters and sharper peaks for late eluters, but it need greater skills for method development (Ahuja Dong, 2005) . Detector There are many different spectrophotometric detectors that can be used in RP-HPLC. The main function of the detector in RP-HPLC is to trace and detect the presence of analyte components in the chromatography medium. These detectors are including ultraviolet-visible(UV-VIS) detector, diode array detector(DAD), chemiluminescence nitrogen detector(CLND), refractive index(RI) detector, mass spectroscopy(MS) and others (Swadesh, 2001). UV-VIS detector is the most popular detector among spectrophotometric detectors. Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma (2011) stated that UV-VIS detector is utilized by referring to interaction of electromagnetic radiation with analyte sample at the wavelength in the region of 190nm to 1100nm. A high sensitivity of detector is crucial as it also control the signal noise level and drift of the baseline. Applications RP-HPLC methods mostly used to detect known or unknown substances in sample for the quality control. It is applicable in food chemistry, forensic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, toxicological analyses, herbal drugs analyses and others. 2.0 Determination of drug samples by RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been generally and effectively utilised to determine numerous drugs samples. Dual wavelength detectors have been employed in the simultaneous investigation of two antispasmodic drugs, phloroglucinol (PG) and its methylated derivative tri-O-methylphloroglucinol (TMP), that are established as pain-relieving drugs when used in combination as they manage to suppress the catechol-O-methyl transferase, relax the smooth muscles, and decrease the abdominal pain induced by glycerol. Present method employing RP-HPLC successfully separate and quantify PG and TMP by using isocratic elution and dual wavelength technique. Apart from studying the injectable sample solution, the serum extracted from blood of healthy volunteers and degraded compounds have also been investigated in order to obtain a complete analysis. Plasma was first centrifuged out of the blood, deproteinated and stock sample was added into the serum obtained. Degrading agent and stress conditions of hydrolysis were used in aid to degrade the PG and TMP. It has been investigated that only oxidation degraded the molecule drastically. (Hasan et al., 2013) Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate has been also estimated by RP-HPLC. Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate is a new prokinetic drug, used as antiulcer agent of the benzamide by acting as an agonist of the 5-HT1 and 5-HT4 receptors and antagonist for 5-HT2 receptors. The preparation of sample solution for this work is simple, by just powdered the tablets and mixed with the mobile phase used. The retention time obtained for cinitapride hydrogen tartarate is 3.737 min. Method validation and optimization have been carried out to validate the findings. (Reddy, Shekar Murali, 2012) Simultaneous investigation of lisinopril and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been employed in bulk, pharmaceuticals formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC. The major uses of lisinopril are treating hypertension and congestive heart failure, preventing renal complications caused by diabetes while NSAIDs (naproxen, flurbiprofen, diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid) are primarily used for treatment of acute or chronic pain and inflammation. As there might be interactions between lisinopril and NSAIDs, these two compounds must be detected simultaneously. (Sultana, Arayne, Siddiqui Naveed, 2012) Paracetamol, grouped in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been discovered by colorimetric and spectroflurimetric techniques and being realised that it can combine with other drugs and thus, determined singly by RP-HPLC. It has antipyretic, analgesic and weak anti-inflammatory action, generally administered to suppress violent pains in advanced cancers. It has been found out that as concentration of one of mobile phases, ACN is high, paracetamol undergone improper dissolution. Meanwhile, phenomena such as broadening, fronting and tailing were remarkably lessened as ACN concentration gradually decreases. (Devi et al., 2013) Due to the rapid growth of demanding of NSAIDs, it is essential that to determine not the NSAIDs only, but also their combination drugs. The main function of NSAIDs is said to be inhibited cyclooxygenase in vitro and in vivo, hence decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins which mediate the inflammation. Fifteen drugs have been simultaneously examined by robustness approach, including aceclofenac (ACF), aspirin (ASP), diclofenac (DCF), etoricoxib (ETC), ketorolac (KTL), paracetamol (PCM), salicylic acid (SA), ibuprofen (IBF) and naproxen (NPX) while the combination drugs being studied are clopidogrel (CLP), thiocolchicoside (THC), dextromethorphan (DXM), moxifloxacin (MXF), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and domperidone (DOM). By varying the method parameters, effect on chromatographic separation of all the drugs can be investigated. (Patel, Samanthulam Shrigod, Modh Chaudhari, 2013) Olmesartan medoxomil is an effective antihypertensive reagent, functioned as inhibitor that prevents the angiotensin II from binding to the AT1 receptors in vascular muscle. The validated analytical method for the Olmesartan medoxomil determination in the presence of its degraded product in bulk drug has been established. The degraded products are formed under the conditions suggested by International Conference of Harmonization (ICH), which are acid hydrolysis (0.1M HCL), alkaline hydrolysis (0.1M NaOH), oxidation (30% H2O2), photolysis (UV), and thermal degradation under stress conditions. The sample was found to be highly susceptible to acid and alkaline hydrolysis and oxidation while for other conditions, no degradation was performed. (Hamrapurkar Gadapayale, 2013) Quantitative determination of oseltamivir phosphate (OSP) has been exercised by RP-HPLC. OSP is the drug to treat swine flu, prevents the virus from releasing by infected cells by selectively blocks the viral surface enzyme neuraminidase. Oseltamivir phosphate is also the drug of choice for treatment of avian influenza that diagnosed to be caused by H1N1 virus. This quantitative method was statistically validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness and sensitivity. (Malipatil, Jahan Patil, 2011) 3.0 Determination of food samples by RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been widely used to determine the food samples. Honey is a food sources which consists of supersaturated solution of sugars (mostly fructose and sucrose) and other significant amount of minor compounds such as organic acids, furanic aldehydes and acids, enzymes, amino acids and proteins, mineral and water-soluble vitamins. The characterization of these minor compounds have been known to be a reliable tool to determine the botanical an geographical origin as well as the quality of the honey. Many methods have been launched out for the determination the minority organic compounds such as furanic aldehydes and acids but less for vitamins in honey. So, a new analytical method was proposed which utilize RP-HPLC to determine the presence of five water-soluble vitamins in honey that are vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B9 (folic acid) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Variety of validation parameters have been carried out in this proposed method in term of detection and quantificat ion limit, linearity, precision, sensitivity as well as the bias to validate their findings (Ciululu et al., 2011). In fact, due to the higher concentrations of saccharides, slightly acidic condition and water activity as well as the presence of organic acids in honey, it favor the formation of furanic aldehydes especially 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF). Hence, HMF is a good parameter for determine the quality of the honey. Apart from this, 2-furaldehyde, 2-furoic acid, 3-furaldehyde and 3-furoic acid also has been quantified in honey samples. Hence, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), 2-furaldehyde (2-F), 3-furaldehyde (3-F), 2-furoic acid (2-FA) and 3-furoic acid (3-FA) has been investigated simultaneously and completely validated on 18 honey samples which different in their age, botanical and geographical origin by RP-HPLC. From the result, HMF was quantified in all samples. 2-F and 2-FA was showed in almost half of the samples whereas 3-F was detected in three honey samples and 3-FA in only one. Validation parameters were performed in term of detection limits, precision, linearity and ac curacy (Spano et al., 2008). Brominated phenols have been known to have strong odor properties and act as key flavor compounds in seafoods. The presence of the bromophenol compounds, their concentration and the marine environments controlled the different in the strength and characteristic of odor and flavor in seafoods. Hence, RP-HPLC was employed to determine the presence of simple bromophenols in marine fishes simultaneously which include 2-bromophenol (2-BP), 4-bromophenol (4-BP), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), 2,6-dibormophenol (2,6-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP). All the bromphenols have been extracted from the fish samples by combined steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) with 2mL of pentane/diethyl ether (6:4) and identified by RP-HPLC with UV-detection. (Silva et al., 2005) Nowadays, the employment of food additives in the production of processed and fast foods was gradually increasing throughout the world. However, illegal and excess addition of food additives can cause significant health problems were well known by community. For an example, in china, the ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China strongly prohibited the addition of acesulfame, saccharin, neotame, stevioside, benzoic acid, caffeine and dehydroacetic acid as well as regulated the addition level of sorbic acid to 0.2g/kg into red wine. Variety of methods is available to determine the food additives present in food and drinks. However, simultaneous determination of large amount of food additives in red wine which mentioned as above was proposed by using dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) followed by RP-HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection in this study. The red wine samples were undergoes the dSPE methods which considered as most powerful cleanup technologies in re moving various matrix and then analyzed by RP-HPLC with UV detection. Different kinds of validation parameters were utilized to determine the satisfaction and accuracy of the results. Apart from this, amino-functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic polymer (MP) which coupled with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) also proved that it is an efficient absorbent in dSPE extraction procedure which could eliminate most of the interferences in the red wine. (Zhao et al., 2013) Apart from this, the dosage of additives especially preservatives, is the most strictly controlled by EU law because of their potential risk to human health and safety. Nationally and international authorities have been established the guidelines for the usage of preservatives in food and foodstuff which about the maximum dosage, use conditions and type of food in which they can be used. In our daily life, the most common preservatives are sorbic acid, natamycin and lysozyme. So, analytical method for simultaneous determination of the four preservatives in different kinds of cheeses that are sorbic acid, natamycin, lysozyme and benzoic acid by single RP-HPLC was established. Benzoic acid was also included into the determination step is because it can be synthesized naturally from the microbial metabolism even it’s not added technically to cheese during production. All preservatives were extracted from the samples through a simple extraction step and then separated by RP-HPLC. Finally, the analytes were analyzed by a single wavelength UV detector (280nm) and even a triple wavelength UV detector (227nm, 280nm and 303nm) for a more sensitive determination. (Guarino et al., 2011)

Analysis of The Indian in the Cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks Essay

Analysis of The Indian in the Cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks For this month’s book report I read a book called ‘The Indian in the Cupboard’ by Lynne Reid Banks. This book was about a boy named Omri and his small Indian toy. For Omri’s birthday he received a small Indian toy from a friend and a small cupboard from his brother. Omri put his Indian in the cupboard and to his surprise when he opened the cupboard the Indian toy had come to life. Omri has to keep his Indian a secret for fear of an adult finding out. When Omri told his friend Patrick about the toy, Patrick wanted his own. Omri thought it was a bad idea but brought the toy to life anyway. When Omri brought Patrick’s cowboy toy to life, Patrick was very excited, but Omri was afraid he didn’t know that they were real people. Omri decided he would keep them both at his house. Patrick did not like this idea but agreed only if Omri would bring the cowboy and Indian to school the next day. Then all the trouble started. Patrick and Omri were called into the headmaster’s office and the headmaster threatened to call Patrick’s father if he didn’t tell him what was going on. Patrick was so afraid that he showed the headmaster the Indian and the other toy. Luckily the headmaster thought he was seeing things and so he went home. Omri decided that the Indian was too much trouble and that he should put them into plastic again. So Omri locked the Indian into the cupboard and when he opened it again, the toy was p...